morris marina ecosse

mmediately after the BMC/Leyland merger, it became apparent to the BL Board that once the Maxi and Mini Clubman were launched, there were no further BMC-conceived cars of significance in the pipeline. Apart from the Issigonis 9X programme, nothing else seemed to be in development. Even before the Maxi was due to hit the roads in 1969, management knew it would not cut the mustard.

The newly formed British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC) decided to plug a yawning chasm in its Austin-Morris range in order to counter dwindling production volumes. The answer was obvious: the ADO16 may have been Britain's best selling-car, a darling of private motorists, but fleet buyers avoided it in large numbers, favouring the simplicity, perceived reliability and wide range of the Ford Cortina. BLMC needed a Cortina, or at the very least an Escort - and it needed one fast.

It was all about priorities. Continued strong sales of the ADO16 allowed management to park the matter of its immediate replacement, figuring that getting a 'Cortina beater' onto the market was far more important. The Marketing department, led by Filmer Paradise agreed the plan wholeheartedly, and quickly, the BLMC Board rubber stamped the project. Charged with the task of rejuvenating the Austin-Morris range, was Harry Webster, and was given overall control of the programme, named ADO28. His initia plan was for a comprehensive re-body of the Morris Minor, because the new car needed to be tough and reliable – and if BLMC couldn't build a dependable car based on the Minor platform, what hope did it have?.

Harry Webster decided to use Morris Minor componentry clothed in a new body. Carefully developed, it was thought this package should have been easily developed into an effective Ford Escort rival. There would need to be a 10-inch stretch of wheelbase, but with an anticipated engine range of 1100cc, 1300cc and 1500cc, a company car-friendly package could take shape. Webster felt confident enough at this early stage to approach the BL board with the notion that ADO28 could be priced a £20 premium over the Escort.

Simple design shaped in very little time

In April 1968, Webster told BL's product planners the Fiat 124 was the package to aim for with ADO28. Paradise looked into the demands of the fleet market and came up with an all-embracing specification - one which promised to tax Webster's team. With a nice and simple package already defined, it was comparatively easy to come up with a wide range of body styles, engine sizes and trim options. Putting even more pressure on Harry Webster, Donald Stokes already had it set in his own mind the ADO28 should be launched at the 1970 Earls Court Motor show. This tight deadline led Webster to take to many short cuts.

The top team: (L to R) - Harry Webster, George Turnbull, Donald Stokes, Filmer Paradise and Richard Perry discuss the planned ADO28.

By May 1968, ADO28 was firming up, and the product planners backed up Webster's original concept to face up to stiff competition in the 1100cc-1500cc rear-wheel-drive class. Unlike the technically-advanced ADO16, marketing decided compactness was not a key selling point in this market, and just like Ford, BLMC followed the philosophy of "more metal for the money" in creating the ADO28.

If at this stage, marketing of the ADO28 appeared a straightforward affair, engineering was even more so. That is not to say that Harry Webster did not have his work cut-out with the new car. The ADO28 project was compromised by its tight production deadline, and that meant it would rely almost entirely on the BL parts-bin. This may have been an appealing economy and it certainly accelerated the development programme drastically, it did leave Webster's team with many problems associated with using the Morris Minor as a starting point for a new car:

· The Morris Minor gearbox had no provision for a synchromesh on first gear, so after careful costing comparisons between redesigning the existing 'box and the use of the Triumph 1300 unit, it was decided to go for the Triumph solution. This caused problems because production volumes at Longbridge needed to be raised, which meant re-development at the gearbox works.

· Similar difficulties were encountered with other components due to the age of the donor car.

· As Morris Minor sales dwindled over time, the production facilities at Cowley had been used for other purposes and could not be re-commissioned.

· Brakes and front suspension were employed on the ADO28 after being modified, but the lever-arm damper arrangement inherited from the Minor was not an ideal solution and proved expensive to build.

A matter of style?

Roy Haynes' style emerged quickly, as a derivative but not unattractive saloon. It was created very much in the mould of the Ford Escort and Vauxhall Viva, and would also pre-empt the style of the visually similar Hillman Avenger.

In July, Webster asked chief stylist, Roy Haynes to look at the ADO28's packaging and styling, and take stock of the design. He noted the target dimensions of the ADO28 should be slightly larger than its competitors ("metal for money"), and that styling would play an important part of its overall desirability in relation to rivals. Whereas the ADO17 and Maxi were designed to accomodate huge interiors, the ADO28 would tread a different path: it should be highly styled car. It should not be not too different from its current rivals, and fit in with trends. Because the ADO28 was being conceived as a stop-gap conceived to remain in production until 1976-1977, considerations of "future-proofing" were of secondary importance. As Haynes later stated: "Any attempt to create an image radically different from the competition will destroy the opportunities which can be created to effect an immediate transfer of loyalty from the competitive brands".

Haynes also felt that the two door model should be a style leader aimed at the under 35s and rather than the usual practice of offering identical profiles for both two and four-door saloon versions, BL should offer something subtly different. So Haynes cooked up the plan that the two-door version should be a sporting package with a coupe-style body. He also ensured the interior should move way from the traditional ambience of other BLMC products and move towards something more exciting.

Haynes rapidly worked on two versions of the ADO28, and within weeks, had completed his first models – available in coupe and saloon versions. The Haynes models were presented to the British Leyland executive policy committee on the 5th August 1968 alongside competition from the Italian design houses Pininfarina and Michelotti. Haynes' dual proposals were given the nod by the BL big-wigs, subject to modifications. This was is an exceptional compliment to Haynes considering the strength of the opposition.

Discontented rumblings

By now, factions within Austin-Morris were making it known they were unhappy with the precedence ADO28 was taking over the ADO16 replacement (on which, work had recently started). One senior Pressed Steel director wrote to Stokes voicing his concerns about how ADO28 would put BLMC on a collision course with the Americans. The problem with that, he stated, was they did not have the resources to battle Ford and Vauxhall and there was no viable starting point from which to do so. He added building this rear-wheel-drive car would send out the wrong signals to customers and the implication was BLMC was abandoning front-wheel-drive.

Testing at MIRA - chassis tuning concentrated the minds of development engineers.

Stokes overruled these dissenters - his argument was simple: the Mini and 1100 were still selling strongly but the middle ground was where BLMC was really struggling at the hands of the multi-nationals. If BLMC was to survive as a large scale producer, then it would need to produce something with which to fight Ford and Vauxhall head-on. Producing something different (i.e., clever) had done BMC no good - one only had to look at the sales performance of the ADO17 to see that.

As a Morris-badged car, it was logical to produce the AD028 at the Morris Works in Cowley. The problem was that the factory was in a poor state - it needed gutting. The Minor production line would never be able to cope with ADO28 planned volumes, so Cowley would receive a massive £40m investment programme. Once the re-fit was completed, car bodies were assembled at Pressed Steel Fisher's (PSF) Cowley body plant. This was linked to the car plant by a covered half-mile bridge, thereby saving the company the considerable cost of shipping them in from Swindon.

With ADO28 coming into focus, and the marketing of the car was becoming more settled, a launch strategy was being devised. Late in 1968, the plan was for the "high image" fastback version to be launched at the 1970 motor show, with the saloon following six months later. The entry price for the base model was projected to be £575. The trouble with this plan was market research was now showing the greatest projected growth in the market was in the 1200cc-to-two-litre class – some way beyond the ADO28. Not only this, but at the same time, BLMC became aware the Cortina Mk3 would also launch in 1970. More disastrously still, the new Ford was going to be altogether larger than the Mk2 Cortina - and this had been one of the ADO28's benchmarks!

Despite these worries, The BLMC board was happy to continue with the ADO28. As it was, it was had been moving away from the Escort, and that meant ADO28 would need more engines to compete. The obvious answer was to upwardly extend, because as George Turnbull said, "We thought we’d have a distinct marketing advantage if we could out-perform them". So Harry Webster to ensured the engine bay was enlarged to fit a wider range of engines. Gradually, in becoming a Cortina-rival, the ADO28 was getting more expensive and moving away from Webster's original brief of a Ford Escort-rivalling 1100-1500cc saloon.

A matter of cost

By September 1968, John Barber was also raising concerns about the ADO28's costings. From the beginning of the project, costs had not been properly laid down or controlled and no-one in the product planning department actually knew whether the ADO28 would not make a profit if it were sold at the planned price of £575. Donald Stokes' response to this was that the overriding priority was to get the ADO28 into production readiness and the cost implications of it could be sorted out later. By the end of the year, Longbridge financiers were now reporting that rising costs in the development programme had eaten into the ADO28 profit potential.

In response to this, George Turnbull took the stance that a full recovery of overheads plus a corporate profit of £25 would be acceptable and that ADO28 would need to be modified in order to meet these goals. The target retail price for the basic two-door model must not be pushed above £580 in order to achieve these profit targets – Turnbull was very aware that the fleet market was an extremely price-sensitive area of the market.

By February 1969, the projections that were now coming out of Longbridge were that the ADO28 would return a negligible profit and so, Turnbull insisted that more costs be taken out of the car, in preference to raising the price. In fact, it was worse than that: the expectation was now that even at a starting price of £580, a loss would be made on every car sold. Product planners looked at this scenario and decided that the best plan of action was to raise the starting price of the ADO28 to £620 and make a modest profit on each car.

Cold comfort could be drawn from the fact that the Cortina Mark III would come in at the same price point, but that did not take into account the fact that the new Ford would no doubt be impeccably costed for the company and no doubt larger and more appealing to the customer. It is fair to say that these cost implications alarmed Turnbull so much that when he met with production engineers, to lowering of costs were now the number one priority – so much so, that in order lower the production cost of the car, they identified the two-piece propshaft was an unnecessary extravagance and so, it had to go. Cost reduction programmes were now in place and every aspect of the ADO28 was under the microscope.

Marketing the ADO28

At this point in the development programme, the proposed engine range was the 1300cc A-Series, and the upcoming E-Series engine in 1500cc and 1750GT forms. Marketing considerations were still high on the list – and at this point, much higher than the engineering of the car, which was coming along in a very straightforward way, even if the cost of the car was an issue. Harry Webster's initial ideas on naming the ADO28 was to give it a model number, (such as “Morris 200”, for instance) but most people in the company favoured a name instead. John Barber wanted Morris Monaco, the studio men wanted Morris Machete and other suggestions for ADO28 included the Morris Mamba, Maori, Matelo and Musketeer. The final shortlist of Major, Mirage, Mistral and Marina emerged and Morris Marina was chosen as the car's moniker even though it was what the Morris version of the ADO16 was called in Denmark.

At the end of 1969, the decision was made for all models to be launched simultaneously and to offer the car in 1300, 1800 and 1800GT forms, but with a wider range of trim options. Slimming-down the range of engines offered would cut production costs and also allow for a wider range of trim options – thereby offering a BLMC alternative to every model in the Cortina range. The marketing men saw that the Marina would fit-in with the rest of the BLMC range very nicely; filling the gap between the ADO16 (and its replacement) and the upcoming Princess, which was in the planning stages at the time. As envisaged at the beginning of the accelerated development programme, the Morris Marina would provide BLMC a perfect competitor in the fleet market and if you were an optimist in the company at the time, the feeling was that the Marina offered nearly everything the Cortina did, but in a more compact package.

Product planners saw that re-emergence of BLMC as a major player in the industry relied on the success of the Morris Marina and the company planned their future forecasts on the fact that they believed that it would take a 9 per cent share of the UK market. The company certainly underestimated the stranglehold that Ford had on the British fleet market, but what was more laughable was that planners seriously believed that the Morris Marina would go on to take 11 per cent of the market by 1973-74 – a time that the ADO67 Allegro would be on-stream too!

Testing to launch

As was the case with this accelerated development programme, by the spring of 1970, pre-production prototypes were running on the roads and by the end of the year, Marinas were rolling off the production line at Cowley. It was a rushed project, but as Andy Smith, an engineer who worked on the project, recalls - there were some fun times: "The first three Marina simulators were constructed by welding an elongated Morris Minor floor pan onto the underside of a Vauxhall Viva MkII body shell, and installing an A-Series engine and gearbox from a Spridget. By the time I got there, these three simulators were probably past their useful development life, but used mainly as transport cars. One of them, known as 'The Green Viva' was fitted with good Cooper S motor, and we young men used to have great fun burning off the standard Vauxhall offering. It was a great car, and seemed to handle well, with not a lot of body roll. In fact, I think it rated amongst the more satisfying RWD cars in which I was fortunate enough to take a hand over subsequent years."

Costs and profitability had successfully been kept down by the rationalization of the engine range – and by more successful planning in the development programme. In the end, the profit figure of the Marina was £30-£40 higher than the ADO16 at the time of its launch and the planned production volumes were still being put at a rate of 5500 per week. The total cost of developing the Morris Marina was put at £21 million and if it underwent a troubled gestation, starting out as an Escort rival but turning into a Cortina rival, but the company was very confident of the Marina's chances of success when it was launched at Cannes in April 1971.

When the Morris Marina was shown to the press, it was almost immediately obvious, that this was a simple car – and one that could be described as a “parts bin” special. There was not a great deal for the press to get excited about, but it was a new car, and the first product launched by BLMC. The range of engines was unremarkable; the A-Series version was lifted straight from the 1275cc version of the MG Midget with only minor alterations to the sump and manifold. The 1798cc B-Series version installed in the Marina was similarly adapted from the MGB. The suspension was equally unremarkable, but unlike the ADO17 and the Maxi which had been mildly criticised by the press, the styling was judged as a success. The wide range of trim permutations and three choices of power units (1.3-, 1.8-litre single carb, and twin-carb) allowed the range to covered the market well.

The Marina's interior was conceived as a workman-like place to be - apt, considering the market it was aimed for. The 1300 Super version pictured here, was sparsely equipped, but class competitive, nonetheless.

Interestingly, the two-door Marina was never marketed as a premium-priced car by the company – the youthful buyers’ angle quietly being dropped by the company. In all fairness to BLMC, it could have sold the car as a sporting coupe model and made some extra money on the car for all the market cared, but maybe the fact that the fastback version shared its front doors with the four-door version belied its cut-price roots discouraged BLMC from the practice.

The driving experience offered by the Marina was as unremarkable as the specification implied; one could pretty much write a road test report of the car without having sat behind the wheel at all. Initial road test reports were fairly kind to the car, mindful of the car's technical shortcomings – and it is fair to say that the 1800TC version possessed a certain potential, offering similar performance than the MGB and a slightly higher top speed of 100mph.

The practical and stylishly executed estate version followed the saloon and coupe model onto the marketplace in 1973. Alongside the Allegro and Mini Clubman, the Marina estate ensured that BLMC maintained a significant presence in this area of the market.

On the road - all was not good

Because of the rushed development of the Marina though, the early pre-production 1.8 models were handed out to the press with a serious design flaw, which meant that the car suffered from almost terminal under steer. As reported by Jeff Daniels in the book, “BL: The Truth About The Cars”, both himself and Doug Nye shared a car which would land them on the opposite site of the road following any sharp curves taken at speed. Disturbed by this fact, Daniels the then Technical editor at Autocar compared notes with his opposite number at Motor magazine, who found that they also suffered the same problems when driving the 1800 version. Daniels and Charles Bulmer, the Editor of Motor magazine travelled up to Longbridge to see Harry Webster in order to lay he facts on the table; the Marina suffered from effectively a dangerous amount of under steer and unless the car was modified, they would have to publish what in effect, would be a warning in their upcoming road tests.

Initially, Webster stated the problem was not so bad, but having been brow-beaten by Daniels and Bulmer, stated that he had already prepared modified versions of the Marina with front anti-roll bars, which due to time constraints, he could not install on the press cars shown in Cannes. Webster promised that although time was short, no production 1800s would be sold in unmodified form (the 1300 versions were lighter at the front-end, so the problem was nowhere as bad). Armed with this knowledge, Autocar and Motor both published their Marina road tests, which spoke in terms of normal levels of under steer, but it did demonstrate just how much pressure Webster was working under in order to get the Marina into production on time and in budget.

However, the truth was rather different. According to Andy Smith this was not the case at all. He said: "The addition of a front anti-roll bar would have increased the tendency to under steer. The item that was engineered in a heck of a hurry, in order to bring some degree of sense to the handling, was a revised lower trunnion on the front suspension at the link between lower arm and swivel. This was designed by Dick Hodges at 'Design Analysis' ably assisted by my fellow graduate Andy Weston."

The purpose of the modification was twofold:

To introduce a little negative camber to the front wheels at the normal unaiden condition.

To lower the position of the lower arm, so as to develop more negative camber as the road wheel travelled into bump, as it does in cornering conditions.

As Andy summed up: "It was successful in its quest, and I think they worked quite well at the time."

At launch, BLMC was well aware of the car's shortcomings, but as the Marina was only designed as a stop-gap, this was not too much of a problem – sales were acceptable and the Marina was winning new customers for the company. The problem of course, was that the Marina may have been winning new sales, ADO16 buyers were deserting in droves. The two-prong Allegro-Marina attack on the small-medium market conceived by Stokes may have seemed like a good idea at the time, people were not inclined to buy them and the reason for that was quite obvious: The Marina may have had fleet-appeal (and not enough to win many sales from Ford), it certainly did not have private buyer appeal.

Heading to crisis

As BLMC plunged deeper and deeper into crisis in 1974, work was started on the planned ADO77 Marina replacement. Because sales of the Morris Marina had never lived up to the heady expectations of it made during its development, the decision was made that the new car should follow the Cortina upmarket into the 2-litre class. Once BLMC became bankrupt and Ryder took over, the car was put under close scrutiny by management. Allegro and Marina most definitely were not earning their keep and were not making nearly enough money to fund the development of the ADO77 – and anyway, not only did the new car sit uncomfortably close in terms of size to the soon-to-appear Leyland ADO71 (18/22 Series, Leyland Princess), but practically mirrored the work that was going on over in Solihull on the SD2 Dolomite replacement.

Needless to say, the ADO77 was dropped, which meant that the Marina was now on its own, for better or for worse. As it was, sales of the Marina continued to hold up well during the Seventies, generally holding third or fourth in the UK sales charts, but it did not disguise the fact that marketing-led development was no substitute for genuine product development and as time went on, the Marina's shortcomings were becoming increasingly evident.

As far as the development story of the Marina went, there was little more to tell: nothing much happened until 1975, when the lightly-revised Series 2 version appeared, sporting a different range of trim designations and a revised dashboard. As Motor magazine surmised in their 1978 road test of the 1.8 HL, "Overall a disappointing car whose impressive performance is completely overshadowed by excessive noise levels. The top-of-the-range Marina that does not live up to Leyland's ‘Executive express’ tag. Dated suspension gives crude handling characteristics and mediocre roadholding. Moderately comfortable but driving position poor. A dated car that is way behind its competitors."

ADO77 was to have been BLMC's answer to the Ford Cortina Mark III, but unfortunately, the money ran out to develop the concept much further than this. This meant the Marina was forced to soldier on long after its sell-by date.

The Marina's rivals were becoming increasingly sophisticated and now that the ADO77 was no more, the original car had nothing in its portfolio with which to fight the likes of the Cortina MkIV and the new new Opel-engineered Vauxhall Cavalier.

New developments

Development on the Marina was in the pipeline, but it was very much on a shoestring. In time for the 1978 NEC motor show, Austin-Morris announced the long-awaited O-Series engine and the first recipient for this OHC-power unit was to be the Princess followed by the Morris Marina. The O-Series engine initially conceived as an OHC version of the venerable B-Series engine, but soon developed into an entirely new engine, sharing no parts with its long-lived predecessor. The oddly-sized 1698cc engine eventually appeared on the market as an engine that was desperately in need of further development, seriously lacking refinement.

That is not to say that it was not an improvement over the original, it was certainly more economical and produced enough power. Some cosmetic improvements were also incorporated into the design, with new bumpers and a rather naff black plastic chin-spoiler, but the effect did not disguise the fact that the Marina was now ageing badly. As What Car? magazine reported after its road test of the 1.7HL version in 1979 for their 1980 Car of The Year issue, "…the car showed evidence that some thought had gone into changes, but frankly not enough. The new ‘O’ Series ohc engine that now powers the bigger cars is a good deal better than its predecessor, but alongside other ohc units, is harsh, noisy and generally unrefined, though high gearing means motorway cruising is relatively peaceful. But the biggest complaint against the new car is the retention of its semi-elliptic rear suspension giving the car a terrible ride."

The O-Series engine was not the last development of the by-then terminally-aged Marina: the new decade heralded the arrival of a new name and face: Ital.

Italian badge, British style

Austin-Morris Managing Director, Ray Horrocks, knew that the Marina would need a showroom fillip in order to maintain sales impetus until the release of its replacement, the LM10 and LM11. The Longbridge drawing office headed by Harris Mann soon completed a neat facelift, which changed the look of the frontal aspect of the car (without any front panel changes) and transformed the rear view of the car, incorporating a higher boot-line and large Euro-standard wrap around lights. Despite the long-held belief that Ital Design was responsible for the revised styling of the new car, it was somewhat less involved in the process – simply handling its product ionisation. Of course, the story soon got out that the Morris Ital was actually the work of Giorgetto Giugiaro and, as one insider has subsequently said: "...why spoil the story with facts, we thought!"

Being limited to a £5 million budget, BL's facelift went no further than these few, albeit distinctive, cosmetic changes. Apart from the deployment of the new A-Plus engine, which was shortly due to see service in the Austin Metro, there were no major engineering changes. The new engine may have afforded the Ital 12,000-mile service intervals, but it was certainly not enough to lift the car's chassis from a level of sub-mediocrity – and the car's humble origins were all-too apparent for everyone to see.

Needless to say, Ital Design did not appreciate the fact that its name was being attached to such a car, despite the fact that it allowed the original Morris Ital television advert to be filmed on its premises. Subsequently, Ital Design treated the Ital as something to be quickly forgotten – a non-event. By the time of the car's launch in June 1980, the existence of the LC10 was well-known throughout the industry and the Ital was viewed as something of an embarrassment for the company; something to remain clinging to life until the new wave of Michael Edwardes conceived cars hit the market in 1983.

...the end

Naming the Ital had proven to be a thorny issue for the marketing department: the initial plan was to call it the "Morris Marina Ital", that way acknowledging the major role the Italian styling house had in the car's conception. This plan was soon scuppered by the intervention of none other than Michael Edwardes, who insisted that the "Marina" moniker was dropped. To the marketing department's utter surprise, Austin-Morris got away with it – and the story that the Ital was the work of Giugiaro became legend.

Had the car not been renamed, however, expectations of it from the Press may not have been so high, but as it was, the 1971 vintage of the Ital was impossible to disguise. Austin-Morris were intelligent enough to realise this fact and unashamedly aimed the Morris Ital at the fleet market, citing its low running costs and simplicity of design as major selling points. The idea was that now Ford was moving towards front wheel drive with the new version of the Ford Escort, the Ital would offer an orthodox alternative for those fleet managers who still harboured fears that the added complexity of front wheel drive equalled grief in the service bays.

Austin-Morris amazingly soldiered on with the car until 1984, when it was finally replaced by the Austin Montego. Unlike its predecessor, the Morris Minor, no-one grieved the passing of the ADO28.